Hamilton and Jefferson debate

After Independence, the Americans have chosen George Washington as the first president; who decided to form his first government including Hamilton & Jefferson. Write an essay explaining the main differences between the two of them and how did that affect the forming of the new nation.

The Ancient Egyptian Revolution

At the beginning of civilization in ancient Egypt, and at the time when they started forming monarchy, the king was the representative of the gods on Earth, or in another form he was the son of the gods and their descendant. Although we cannot say they worshipped the king, we have to admit they looked highly upon him and had great respect for him. To impress his people, the king made every effort and used all his abilities to make the people happy and content. The Pharaohs  wanted to provide their nation with great wealth and protection.

In the Old Kingdom, which is the period known as the pyramid builders, we can feel the love and respect that went into building those great pyramids; we can sense that such a great project could not be built but through love from the people for their own Pharaoh. But towards the end of that period, Egypt was ruled by weak Pharaohs, who didn't care about their own people as much as their own wealth, and they had false support of the small group of people surrounding them.

During the 6th dynasty (around 2300 BC), the Pharaoh Pipi, who became a Pharaoh at the age of 4, ruled for almost 96 years which was the straw that broke the camel’s back. Shortly after, the people of Egypt started the first revolution known in the history of mankind, which was against corruption, poverty and humiliation. That revolution led to the fall of the Old Kingdom, and Egypt went into what is known as the First Intermediate Period. This period was filled with chaos, and it took a while until Egypt became united again and at the start of the Middle Kingdom.

The people of Egypt, throughout history, like to be ruled by a respected person who cares about them. They like this person, and  are always ready to give him everything, but in return they want him to look after them well, and to respect and protect them. When the deal between the ruler and the people is broken, they start their uprising and revolution, but soon after they move towards stability, and begin building their civilization once again.

Hisham el Meniawy

Know your country

Who does not know his history, does not have a future...

Together we can learn, study, practice, enjoy and have fun …

I have been working in the field of tourism for more than 27 years, and I conduct tours to the different nationalities that come to visit Egypt. When I was taking the groups to the monumental sites of our beloved country, Egypt, I

was dreaming of taking the Egyptian children to explore their country and to know the heritage of the great civilization. From there I got the idea of starting to organize many trips to the school kids as well as a higher level of educational tours to youth.

It is very important, especially at this stage of our history to study the ancient history of Egypt and to learn and to get the benefits to be able to appreciate it and to use it in building a wonderful future for our country Egypt.

Egyptian women who rocked the world

Egyptian women who rocked the world:

Most people misjudge Egypt and the other countries in the East, especially in the Middle East, whether it comes to ancient Egypt or even moder

n Egypt. Regarding ancient Egypt, people only think of the Pharaohs and gods, without giving any attention to neither women, nor the locals in general. And when it comes to modern Egypt, they always mention Islam as the main oppression of women, which is totally wrong.

Let's talk about some examples of women throughout the history of Egypt. Around 4500 years ago, at the time when the king of Egypt was considered the god king and the main link to the gods, women, especially the members of the royal families, had a great position. By the end of the third dynasty, Egypt was ruled by a Pharaoh called Huni, who was building his pyramid at Meidum to the south of Giza near Cairo. Prince Snefru was married to his daughter, the mother of the famous Pharaoh Cheops, Queen Hetepheres. She was buried not far from the pyramid of her son at the Giza plateau. Her tomb and the treasures discovered there reflect the power and the wealth of that queen around 2600 B.C.

After the fall of the middle kingdom, Egypt became very weak, and the north of the country was invaded by the Hyksos around 1750 B.C. The Hyksos ruled Lower Egypt for more than two centuries, during which Upper Egypt was almost independent, and was ruled by a series of real true Egyptian princess.

These princes claimed to be the kings of Upper and Lower Egypt. During that time of instability in Egypt, there lived a woman who happened to be the wife of the prince and later Pharaoh Sekenenre. She was Queen Titisherry, a wonderful woman, a great queen and a loving wife. She stood by her husband in his struggle against the foreign people who occupied the northern part of his kingdom. Queen Titisherry conceived two sons who ruled one after the other. Kamose, who died during the struggle, and Ahmose, who managed to sweep the invaders away and to unite the country. Pharaoh Ahmose was the founder of the eighteenth dynasty and the new kingdom, as well as the Egyptian empire.

Around 1400 B.C., nearly 3400 years ago, when the rest of the human race was still living in caves acting like monkeys, Egypt was ruled by a very strong, powerful woman, whose name will remain forever Queen Hatshepsut. She ruled for around 22 years in the middle of the time when men ruled the whole earth, and she managed to gain the respect of her enemies before her friends the queen maintained very strong relations with the other neighbors, especially in Africa, and she built a number of magnificent monuments. The best of all was her mortuary temple of El Dir El Bahari on the west bank of Luxor. She erected two massive obelisks at Karnak Temple, and added two of the main pylons there.

Not a long time after, lived an amazing woman, queen Ti, who was married to the very famous Pharaoh Amenhotep III. Although Queen Ti did not have royal blood, it seems she was the actual ruler next to her husband. The queen was a great support to her son Akhenaten later on, just as his great wife Nefertiti. Perhaps the best example, someone like Ramses the Great would not be that great without his royal wife, and his great love, Queen Nefertari, who helped her husband to become one of the greatest rulers of the ancient Egyptian civilization. When you look at all his statues, you can't find any statue without a small statue of the queen behind his left leg. Although the statue of the queen was always smaller than that of the king, the size was not important if we know that the king was a God king and a Devine person, while the queen was a human being. She always stood behind him to support him and to push him always forward to do the best for his country. If we visit the temples of Abu Simple, south of Aswan, we find two temples there, one for the kind and the other one for the queen. And there the statues of the queen are as big as those of the king because she was considered a Goddess and a Devine person. It seems that the king believed that behind every successful man is a great woman.

In different parts of Egypt, we discovered the remains of the villages of the builders and workers, such as in Giza and in Luxor, and the documents from those villages tell us a lot about the situation of women thousands of years ago. At the time when women in Europe were hardly living, the women, wives and mothers, daughters and sisters of the artisans were enjoying full rights of inheritance and free will.

When the Greeks arrived in Egypt, they have learnt from the ancient Egyptians that women have equal rights to men.

Queen Cleopatra, though she had Greek origins, was an Egyptian queen. She was born in the tenth generation of the Greeks in Egypt, was brought up and educated in Egypt, spoke the Egyptian language and worshipped Egyptian gods. She lived, died and was buried in Egypt more than 2000 years ago.

When the Arabs arrived in Egypt during the first half of the 7th century AD, the leader of the Arabs (Amro Ibn El Aas) wrote to the Caliph Omar to tell him that it was quite noticeable that women in Egypt at that time were enjoying full rights. Islam taught the Egyptians how to behave and respect women, which prepared them to accept a woman later on as a ruler, Queen Shagar Ell Dor around the 12th century AD.

Women were not any less important in modern day Egypt , that can be seen in the role that Mrs. Hoda Shaarawy, played during the first half of the 20th century, she led a great movement for women’s liberation and the right to education. Many other women had great roles in modern Egyptian history, such as, Mrs. Safia Zaghlol, who stood by her husband in his mission to lead the struggle against the British occupation. Mrs. Gihan Al Sadat set an early new law for women’s justice during the 1970’s. Professor Samira Mousa worked in the Egyptian nuclear project in the 1960’s, and later worked in Iraq until she was assassinated in Paris. Today you will find women in Egypt who are great doctors, engineers, teachers, bankers, etc. They play a magnificent role in the Egyptian life.

By: Hisham El.Meniawy